![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Có phải Trung Quốc dựa quá nhiều vào đầu tư nhưng không đủ thay
đổi công nghệ (TPFG) để thúc đẩy tăng trưởng? Trả lời
1. Thay đổi công nghệ diễn ra như thế nào ở một nước đang phát triển đến
sau?
(1) nhờ đầu tư vào máy móc thiết bị nhập khẩu
(2) nhờ thu hút đầu tư trực tiếp nước ngoài
(3) nhờ áp dụng thực tiễn quản lý tốt nhất của quốc tế
Tác động của thay đổi công nghệ được ngụy trang như là tác động của đầu
tư
2. Điều gì gây ra sự tái phân bổ lao động từ nông nghiệp sang công nghiệp?
Trả lời: hoạt động đầu tư tạo công ăn việc làm trong công nghiệp cho lao
động nông thôn.
Ở các nền kinh tế dư thừa lao động, tăng trưởng việc làm là nội sinh (như
phụ thuộc vào đầu tư), không phải ngoại sinh, như giả định trong mô hình.
3. Phương pháp hạch toán tăng trưởng bằng cách sử dụng đầu tư ròng (đầu
tư gộp trừ hao mòn) ước lượng thấp tác động của đầu tư. Hao mòn chủ yếu
do lỗi thời, không phải do hư cũ, vì vậy không phải là chi phí xã hội và
không nên trừ khỏi đầu tư gộp.