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Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: the Case of the Soft Drinks Industry
Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains: the Case of the Soft Drinks Industry
Greening Food and Beverage
Value Chains: the Case of the
Soft Drinks Industry
A report for the UNIDO Green Industry Initiative
UNITED NATIONS
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Green Industry
Greening Food and Beverage Value Chains:
the Case of the Soft Drinks Industry
A Report for the UNIDO Green Industry Initiative
UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION
Vienna, 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared by Bas Kothuis of Antea Group. The report is the product of a collaboration
between the Environmental Management and the Agri-Business Development branches of UNIDO,
with overall guidance from Heinz Leuenberger and Philippe Scholtès. It was coordinated and
reviewed by Claudia Linke-Heep and Frank Hartwich. Valuable inputs were received from
colleagues in both branches, in particular Rene van Berkel and Karl Schebesta. Furthermore, the
report has benefitted greatly from case studies and a technical review by members of the Green
Industry Platform’s Technical Expert Committee, namely Chettiyappan Visvanathan of the Asian
Institute of Technology, Jigar Shah of the Institute for Industrial Productivity, Chunhong Chen of the
Yiyuan (Shanghai) Environmental Group Co., Ltd., Mohamed Tawfic Ahmed of the Suez Canal
University and Stefan Giljum of the Vienna University of Economics and Business.
We would like to thank Leisa Burrell for her contribution to the preparation of the report and for
her editing of the report, and Michael Geyer for his graphic design and typesetting.
Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to the Agence Française de
Développement for providing financial support towards the preparation of this report, which is a
direct outcome of the highlevel conference on green growth organised in Paris in April 2013.
(C) 2014 by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither
UNIDO nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise
from the use of the material. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialised” and
“developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment
about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The
mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO.
This document represents work in progress and is intended to generate comment and
discussion. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect
the views of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested.
Executive Summary
As global carbon emissions continue to rise and natural resources become scarcer, industries
are under increasing pressure to commit to more sustainable manufacturing processes, with the
soft drinks industry being no exception. In the face of rising criticism regarding issues such as
competition for water resources, water pollution and packaging disposal, some industry
members have embarked on a number of initiatives to reduce their environmental footprint in
the soft drinks value chain. However, there remains much scope within the industry for it to
achieve greater environmental performance.
The soft drinks industry is an important player in the food and beverage industry, although
health and nutritional concerns have led to diminishing demand in recent years in more
developed economies. Many low- or no-sugar options are now surpassing traditional soft drinks
as market leaders in many cases, along with a rise in energy drink consumption. This trend is
likely to continue, as is the growing demand for new, natural plant-based sweeteners. Soft
drinks companies are also diversifying into a wide range of beverage and food products, hence
their global reach and impact on various supply chains is immense. Correspondingly, their
impact on natural environments also leaves much room for greening the value chain.
Furthermore, multinational companies also have the ability to positively influence their
respective governments to commit to resource efficiency and climate change mitigation targets.
Globally, the sector is dominated by large multinational corporations such as the Coca-Cola
Company, PepsiCo and Nestlé S.A. The Coca-Cola Company, in particular, has bought out a
number of high-performing local brands around the world. Nevertheless, some countries and
regions have a number of small to medium-sized companies which have carved out their own
sizeable market share. The United States of America remains the largest market for soft drinks,
however, future growth is expected to be strong in the developing regions of Latin America, the
Middle East and Africa, while China is also forecast to see rising sales.
This report is a review of best practice greening opportunities for the soft drink industry and, as
such, aims to serve as a point of reference for practitioners in the food and beverage sectors
and sub-sectors in their adoption of green industry policies and practices. The report examines
the various stages along the value chain, from the production of agricultural ingredients, to
processing, packaging, distribution and consumption, making the case where possible for a
'closed loop' approach, whereby all by-products are recovered and reapplied.
The report emphasises that the soft drinks industry would benefit from greater cooperation
along the value chain to improve resource efficiency and cut waste. It also highlights that useful
interventions can be made in the areas of raw materials supply (sugar, citrus fruits, additives
and sweeteners etc.); soft drink manufacturing (bottling); warehousing; distribution; retailing;
and consumption. However, the areas with the most “greening” potential are to be found in
water and energy use, packaging and agricultural ingredients.
A number of multinationals have been working for some years in collaboration with a range of
stakeholders at the local level to ensure that scarce water resources are used efficiently. Many
have companies committed to the Water Stewardship principles as defined by the World
Wildlife Fund (WWF), the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and
the European Union (EU). Smaller companies that supply soft drinks at a national or regional
level are also implementing a range measures to reduce their environmental footprint through
measures such as committing to measurable reductions in packaging, the utilisation of
renewable energy and the production of their own PET pre-form packaging.
iii
The production of sugar and citrus fruit present the greatest source of waste in the agricultural
supply chain, and are therefore viable targets to help reduce the soft drink industry's
environmental footprint. The adoption of sustainability principles and certification schemes for
sugar production are becoming increasingly utilised by industry members eager to lift their
environmental performance and social responsiveness.
Citrus fruit production impacts on the environment through excessive water consumption and
the use of fertilisers and pesticides at the farm level. Here steps are also being taken to curb the
use of agrochemicals through measures such as integrated pest management (IPM). Much of
the waste from sugar and fruit production is also reused as fuel or in the paper industry
(bagasse), or in composting operations (fruit pulp).
Options for greening at the industry production stage include on-site reduction of water and
energy usage as well as reduced waste generation. Around 10-20% of energy consumption in
production processes can be reduced by implementing low- to no-cost investment
improvements through simple energy efficiency measures. This is a viable option for older
facilities or smaller companies. However, as the adoption of energy efficiency measures
become more commonplace in the production process, this has in turn shifted the focus onto
increasing the share of renewable energy in the larger bottling companies, a trend mostly
discernible in the largest companies in developed regions such as Europe and the USA.
Water is essential in every component of the soft drinks value chain, hence its quality, abundance
and availability is of paramount importance to the industry and the local communities in the vicinity of
the water source. Efforts to reduce water consumption have intensified in recent times due to the
growing spotlight on water scarcity. Significant water savings can be achieved by treating the
wastewater with several advanced treatment technologies which render the water suitable for use in
the production process. However, only a few bottling plants currently operate anaerobic wastewater
treatment installations on-site to treat their wastewater, whilst also generating biogas and eventually
electricity. It is hoped that wider uptake will improve industry water use efficiency.
Energy consumption constitutes the greatest environmental impact at the distribution and retail
stages of the supply chain. The three main options to reduce energy consumption in this area
are through the use of hybrid delivery trucks specifically for urban transport; the adoption of
alternative fuels; and through increased training of delivery drivers to encourage them to utilise
efficient driving techniques and improved route planning.
Refrigeration is the primary user of energy in the beverage retail sector. Most industry efforts are
focused on the development and distribution of energy-efficient and HFC-free display cabinets.
However, this has been slow to gain traction as it requires an overall revamping of retail stores.
Packaging comprises the largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the soft drink life-
cycle. Efforts to reduce, reuse and recycle are therefore crucial to diminish the sector's overall
environmental footprint. Several methods and practices are being employed in the industry to reduce
the environmental impact of packaging. For example, suppliers and manufacturers are increasingly
focusing on the sustainable sourcing of cardboard and paper, the density of packaging material and
the type of bleaches and dyes used in the manufacturing of the packaging.
Whilst packaging recycling rates are growing, the increasing use of recycled material in
packaging depends on enhanced cooperation between communities and governments and on
the infrastructure available for recycling.
Industrial ecology is an important mechanism that links input or output streams from different
stages of the soft drinks value chain to external processes. Examples of how this symbiotic
relationship can benefit the soft drinks value chain include:
iv
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